Do Fish Make Sounds? Yes — Here's What They're Saying

Quick Answer

Fish make sounds — a lot of them. Researchers estimate that as many as two-thirds of ray-finned fish families either are known to produce sound or carry the anatomy to do it. Drums drum, croakers croak, toadfish whistle and hum, and some species grind their throat teeth or even vent air to talk. Most of the noise happens for three reasons: courtship, territory, and alarm — which is exactly why it matters to anglers. A calling fish is an active fish, and a massed spawning chorus is one of the strongest natural signals that fish are gathered in one place. You can hear the loudest of these sounds through a boat hull with your own ears, and modern on-device AI can now recognize individual species by voice alone.

The Underwater World Is Not Silent

The old idea of a "silent deep" died decades ago. Drop a hydrophone — an underwater microphone — almost anywhere with structure and life, and you'll record grunts, knocks, pops, drumming rolls, and long droning hums. NOAA's sanctuary scientists have measured black drum calls at source levels around 165 decibels underwater — in loudness terms, the neighborhood of a jackhammer. People sleeping on houseboats have been kept awake by fish. Entire waterfront towns have launched investigations into mystery noises that turned out to be spawning choruses (that story has its own guide).

Sound travels roughly four and a half times faster in water than in air and carries much farther than light in murky conditions. For fish, sound is often the best channel available — which is why evolution has wired so many of them to use it.

How a Fish Makes Noise Without Vocal Cords

Fish have no larynx. They improvised, and the results are wonderfully mechanical:

  • The sonic muscle and swim bladder — the classic setup in the drum and croaker family (Sciaenidae). A specialized "sonic" muscle, among the fastest muscles known in vertebrates, beats against or alongside the gas-filled swim bladder, which acts as a resonating drum. This is the croak of an Atlantic croaker, the deep thud-roll of a black drum, and the knock of a red drum.
  • The toadfish hum and boatwhistle — toadfishes and midshipmen use the same muscle-on-bladder trick but sustain it. A male plainfin midshipman can contract his sonic muscles on the order of a hundred times a second and hold a droning hum for astonishing stretches while courting.
  • Pharyngeal tooth grinding — many grunts and porgies rasp the tooth plates in their throat, and the swim bladder amplifies the scrape into an audible grunt.
  • Air release — herring produce fast, repeated ticking bursts by venting gas. Undignified, but documented.

Which Fish Are the Talkers?

For anglers, the family that matters most is Sciaenidae — the drums and croakers. It's a global family with famous voices:

  • Red drum (redfish) — knocking and drumming, especially in fall spawning aggregations
  • Black drum — the loudest of the lot; low-frequency rolls you can feel through a hull
  • Spotted seatrout — staccato drumming through late spring and summer evenings
  • Atlantic croaker — the croak that named the fish
  • Weakfish, silver perch, corvinas and meagre — each with a recognizable call, from purrs to deep booms

Beyond the drums: oyster toadfish (the East Coast "boatwhistle"), plainfin midshipman (the West Coast hummer), sea catfish, groupers, and — per a December 2025 study from University of Victoria biologists — even rockfish, lingcod, kelp greenling and pile perch, eight Pacific species whose grunts, knocks and growls proved distinctive enough for a machine-learning model to tell apart.

Why Fish Call — and Why Anglers Should Care

Fish sounds cluster around three situations, and each one is useful information on the water:

  1. Spawning and courtship. The big one. When drums, seatrout, corvina or toadfish gather to spawn, the males call together and the individual voices merge into a chorus — a sustained wall of sound that can go on for hours after dusk. A chorus doesn't just say "fish here"; it says many fish, concentrated, in a predictable seasonal window.
  2. Territory and feeding competition. Isolated knocks and grunts around structure often mean resident fish holding ground — a live neighborhood rather than empty water.
  3. Alarm and distress. Short, sharp bursts when a fish is startled or grabbed. Even the background matters: the frying-bacon crackle of snapping shrimp is a reliable sign of live bottom — shell, rock, and the food chain that comes with it.

A 2017 study in Biology Letters followed fishing crews in the Gulf of California who located Gulf corvina spawning aggregations by ear — listening through the boat — and loaded up in minutes once they found the chorus. Fishers in that fishery out-listened electronics for generations. The signal is that strong.

Can You Hear Them Yourself?

Often, yes. The loudest calls — black drum rolls, toadfish hums, dense corvina or seatrout choruses — cross from water into a boat hull well enough to hear with an ear (or a phone) pressed against the inside of the hull, engine off, on a calm night. Kayaks and small skiffs make surprisingly good listening platforms. What you can't do by ear is name a quiet species, catch a single distant call, or judge distance — water plays tricks with loudness that no honest listener can un-trick.

That's the gap technology now fills. FishRadar Ear runs a fish-sound detector directly on your phone: a live spectrogram of what the mic hears, recognition of named species and call types, and chorus detection — with the evidence shown for every detection, and no claim it can't back.

Bring It Together with FishRadar

Knowing that fish talk is step one; being there when they do is the rest. Calling behavior is seasonal and condition-driven — calm evenings during spawning windows are prime listening time, and those same windows are prime fishing time. FishRadar's forecast reads water temperature, moon phase and pressure for your exact spot to time those windows, and FishRadar Ear listens with you when you get there. Check tonight's conditions at FishRadar's fishing forecast.

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